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Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language designed to challenge and amuse
programmers. Created by Urban Müller in 1993, its minimalistic design consists
of just eight commands, making it Turing-complete despite its extreme
simplicity.
The language operates on an array of memory cells, using a pointer to
manipulate data. Its intentionally obscure syntax—composed of symbols like <,
>, +, -, [, ], ., and ,—makes writing even simple programs a puzzle.
While impractical for real-world use, Brainfuck is a fascinating exploration
of computational minimalism and a fun exercise in low-level thinking.
Tutorial
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Brainfuck programs use a memory stack of 8-bit cells (0–255). A pointer moves between cells, modifying their values with increment and decrement operations.
Increment pointed memory cell by 1
-Decrement pointed memory cell by 1
<Move pointer left (previous cell)
>Move pointer right (next cell)
Print pointed memory cell
,Ask for user input and insert in pointed memory cell
Memory cells store 8-bit values (0–255). To print them, the numeric value is
converted to a character using the ASCII table.
The same is done for when a character is inputed into a memory cell.
Start loop
]End loop
Loops simplify repetitive operations like incrementing or decrementing a memory cell.
When a loop starts, if the current cell is zero, it skips to the end. If the cell is
non-zero, the loop runs until the cell becomes zero again, at which point it exits
without returning to the start.
A common use for loops is multiplication. One cell acts as the multiplicand
(decrementing each iteration), while another acts as the multiplier (incrementing
repeatedly). This mimics how multiplication works—adding a number to itself multiple
times.
Loops can also zero out a cell quickly. For example, [-] keeps decrementing until the cell hits zero, while [+] increments until it reaches 255 and overflows to zero. This makes loops a
powerful tool for both arithmetic and memory management.
End program